A perception stack is shaped by the vehicle that carries it. Move the same software to a new carline—for example, from an SUV to a sedan or another vehicle...

A perception stack is shaped by the vehicle that carries it. Move the same software to a new carline—for example, from an SUV to a sedan or another vehicle variant in the portfolio—and its perception of the world changes. The sensor placement, calibration, fields of view, occlusions, body geometry, timing, and coverage all shift. A traffic light may appear in a different part of the frame.

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The U.S. is shutting out more foreign-made drones and robots. China’s scale means the global competition may simply move elsewhere.