Large language model (LLM) training workloads increasingly run into GPU memory limits before compute is fully used. Model weights, gradients, optimizer states,...

Large language model (LLM) training workloads increasingly run into GPU memory limits before compute is fully used. Model weights, gradients, optimizer states, communication buffers, and intermediate activations all compete for GPU high-bandwidth memory (HBM). As model size, sequence length, and batch size grow, HBM capacity often becomes the primary scaling bottleneck. This post explains how…

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There are many ways to optimize code for GPUs. In this post, you’ll learn how kernel fusion can improve memory bandwidth and reduce kernel launch overhead,...

There are many ways to optimize code for GPUs. In this post, you’ll learn how kernel fusion can improve memory bandwidth and reduce kernel launch overhead, along with multiple ways to apply it in NVIDIA CUDA code. A common bottleneck when writing GPU code is that GPU compute is so fast that even high-bandwidth device memory doesn’t use the GPU kernel fully. Kernel fusion addresses this by…

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AI performance comes down to three dimensions:  Accuracy: How well the model reasons and produces outputs Throughput: How many tokens per second a...

AI performance comes down to three dimensions: Deployments must balance all three: High accuracy is wasted if responses are slow, and raw throughput means little if each user’s experience is laggy. Practical systems therefore optimize accuracy, throughput, and interactivity together. This post focuses on throughput and interactivity, and how model-design choices shape both without…

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Biomolecular structure prediction and co-folding with models like OpenFold3 are now mainstream, large-scale workloads powering drug discovery and protein...

Biomolecular structure prediction and co-folding with models like OpenFold3 are now mainstream, large-scale workloads powering drug discovery and protein design. Increasingly, they’re driven end-to-end by AI agents. For an agent to run that pipeline well, every step needs to be fast and scalable: Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) generation, co-folding inference, serving, and multi-GPU scale-out.

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